Implementation Of The Following Strategies For Developing...

Date: July 6th, 2015 To: John Smith, UNESCO chairman From: Mboy Embanglian Gabriela Subject: Improving Education in developing countries Mr. John Smith, attached is a recommendation on how to improve education in most developing countries. After making some researches and reading several educational articles, I recommend the implementation of the following strategies mentioned below to enhance education in developing countries. In case of any questions, I will be much honored to arrange a meeting with you at your convenience with other members of interest. Mboy Embanglian Gabriela Mr. John Smith, Seventy five percent of children in developing countries suffer from malnutrition, which result in development disorder. Consequently, the†¦show more content†¦In addition to the above mentioned, job opportunities in developing countries is very low, even after completing higher education. Hence children in developing counties prefer to forgo their education, and completely invest in farm work or earn a trade (Yuthas, Epstein, Kristi, 2012). To continue, most teachers in developing countries lack training, hence the children are limited to knowledge in sense that even the ones who succeed to complete primary school may lack the basic skills in reading and writing (The situation in developing countries, 2015). Mostly outdated methods of learning are implemented. However, the teachers that have the training are not well paid, and they work under unfavorable conditions. They mostly teach several shifts a day with a large population of children. All this summed up does not encourage them to come for their classes Also, schools in developing countries have little or no equipment to help in the students’ education; such as computer labs, boards. There is also no funding to cover some utilities such as water, electricity or transport for the children (The situation in developing countries, 2015). The brilliant student in developing countries have the disadvantage of not been able to further their education due to lack of higher education, hence they end up working in the farm not having the opportunity to make use of their knowledge. To

Exercise And The Efforts Of Self Efficacy And Increase...

â€Å"Exercise and the efforts to improve self-efficacy and increase health behaviors† There is a huge question that sits in the front of the eyes of numerous scientists and psychologists, and that is can daily physical activity be incorporated to not only change someone’s self-efficacy but also health behaviors? The proposed experiments that have been researched look at different ways to assess an individual’s self-efficacy when exercise is increased. The current hypothesis mentions that students who exercise more frequently will show a higher self-efficacy towards personal goals or even challenges. Now exercise and daily physical activity have been shown to create a wide range of effects on an individual when it comes to physical conditions like cancer, obesity and even coronary heart disease. (Dukeb, Heitzler, Huhmana, Martina, 2006). Exercise alone may have benefits that are beyond due directly related to increased amount of physical fitness. Studies show the impact regarding exercise on someone’s self-efficacy and also the impact it may have on self-efficacy and health behaviors. In today’s era self-efficacy has been known to be that, one person can perform any given activity based upon their own beliefs and convictions. According to Bandura â€Å"self-efficacy plays an important role and also determines whether or not someone attempts to perform a certain given task, how driven they are when faced with difficulties and also how successful someone is when performing a givenShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Behavioral Change1686 Words   |  7 PagesTranstheoretical Model, Integrates processes and principles of change from across major intervention theories. It was originally developed to look at the process of extinguishing behaviors (like smoking). Now also used to look at acquisition of behavior. It is based on idea of stopping or changing a behavior (health risk). 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Human Resource Management †Putting Together a Benefits Package Essay Sample free essay sample

In today’s economic system it is critical that society as a whole carefully consider every dollar spent. In both the little and big concern environment one of the most of import ways to make that is to analyse money spent on a company’s greatest plus – its employees. Although unemployment is still comparatively high and many people are willing to work for much less than they would hold three or four old ages ago. the understanding applier knows the value of employment benefits. When given a pick of the same wage. most appliers will take the place that offers benefits. In some instances. appliers will take a place that offers a lower wage every bit long as benefits are portion of the employment bundle. Be that as it may. it behooves the hiring house to closely reexamine their benefits bundle to be certain they are offering the best they can with the dollars available. With a competitory benefits bundle. a house is more likely to engage and retain quality endowment. In making so. the house besides places themselves to happen success in their line of concern. The inquiry. so. that many concern proprietors face is whether a benefits bundle is low-cost and the best usage of financess. For every concern. the fiscal facets can change dramatically and the concluding consequences can look really different. but it is possible to set together a benefits bundle for your concern. Puting Together a Competitive Benefits PackageThat Will Attract and Keep Quality TalentWithin An Organization In 2012. the success of an enterpriser is measured in many ways. Those include the figure of new thoughts launched. the gross and net incomes earned. and the ways in which he or she serves an industry or a community. For many enterprisers. one of the most rewarding facets of running their ain concern is how they are able to impact others – non merely those they are functioning in their concern but besides the impact they make on the lives of their employees. There are touchable wagess such as wage. and intangibles such as mentoring. nevertheless. beyond that. the proviso of a generous bundle of employee benefits allows a concern proprietor to deeply determine a worker’s life and hereafter. So much of maintaining endowment and enrolling the pick of the harvest is tied to a generous employee benefits bundle. The most successful concerns are the 1s that work hard at delighting their employees. Daniel Pink. the Washington D. C. -based writer of Drive: The Surprising Truth A bout What Motivates Us. conducted research on what motivates employees. His surveies led him to this decision: â€Å"The best usage of money as a incentive is to pay people plenty to take the issue of money off the tabular array. † Pink states it’s better to pay people a little more than the norm and let them to concentrate on their work than to pay them based on public presentation. â€Å"Don’t wage people a measly base salary and really high committees and fillips in hopes that the fright of non holding plenty nutrient on their tabular arraies will animate them to make extraordinary things. † ( â€Å"How to Construct a Competitive Benefits Package† . 2010 ) Benefits are of import. In order to offer generous benefits. careful fiscal planning must foremost be practiced. Most benefits bundles come with a brawny monetary value ticket and costs can lift exponentially as the company expands. Furthermore. one time a benefit is offered. it is hard to take it off should the economic system turn south. That said. if a company i s known for offering good benefits. it will by and large be easier to enroll gifted employees. therefore conveying positive side effects with regard to selling and gross revenues. What constituents should be considered in a competitory employee-benefits bundle. and how does one travel about puting it up? It starts with the rudimentss. which are outlined below. Employee Benefits: Health Insurance Health insurance is by far the largest ticket point in the employee benefits budget. This is besides typically the hardest to keep due to continually lifting premiums. Unfortunately. many little concerns have dropped wellness insurance in recent old ages. due in portion to the wellness attention reform statute law presently transitioning in to the little concern universe. In general. there are 5 wellness attention options: Health Maintenance Organizations. or HMOs. are the most common option. although they are fast being replaced by Medical Savings Option or Health Savings Option programs. Employees choose a primary attention doctor. who helps pull off their overall wellness attention ( and the related costs ) by moving as gatekeeper for referrals to other physicians within the HMO web. The worker pays a copayment for each doctor’s visit. and the insurance company covers the remainder. The overruling principal with an HMO is that a company and its workers give up a spot of fre edom in respect to taking physicians. in return for lower costs ; HMOs today tend to transport a big webs of physicians. but costs associated with these programs are non about every bit efficient as they one time were. Preferred Provider Organizations. or PPOs. are typically the most expensive option offered to an employee. They are seen more in the big corporate spectrum than in little concerns. These programs offer employees several picks of physicians and infirmaries. Additionally. they allow workers to see specializers outside of the web. although that typically comes with extra fees out of the single employee’s pocket. Point-of-Service Plans are a via media option. As in the HMO option. employees choose a primary attention doctor but that doctor is allowed to do referrals in or out-of-network. High-Deductible Health Plans are on the rise in recent old ages. particularly among newer companies with a high figure of younger workers. The construct is that younger workers are less likely to necessitate wellness attention on an on-going footing. Within the high-deductible program options. many companies offer Health Savings Account plans. These programs carry a revenue enhancement advantage to the person. The construct is that the person is able to put aside money in a bank history that is used to pay for basic medical demands. Ultimately. the IRS allows the person to take a certain sum of that money as a revenue enhancement tax write-off. Self Insurance is a concluding option. and is an attractive 1 for larger entities. Companies agree to cover their ain costs. working with a self-insuring company to put up and administer coverage. These programs typically come with fewer fees and no premium for hazard. Businesss that opt for this coverage should besides buy stop-loss insurance to restrict exposure ( both for single workers and for the work force as a whole ) in the event of a ruinous unwellness or calamity. This program option allows for more control over the coverage design. which means the concern proprietor can make a program reflecting certain values. It can either be limited in range to be in fiscal matters cautious. or it can be expansive if there is strong committedness to wellness or holistic medical specialty and the similar ( 2010 ) . Employee Benefits: Dental Insurance Dental insurance. although non required by jurisprudence. is a common benefit particularly in relation to wellness insurance offerings. There are several dental programs available today. Fully-Funded Employer Plans: A company covers 100 per centum of its employees’ costs. Partially-Funded Employer Plans: A company pays a portion of its employees’ costs. normally around 80 per centum. Employees cover the balance. Fully-Funded Employee Plans: Employees pay the full cost of their dental benefits. while the company absorbs merely the costs of administrative costs and payroll tax write-offs ( 2010 ) . Employee Benefits: Flexible Spending Histories Flexible disbursement histories. or FSAs. are histories administered by an employer with the aim of assisting employees set aside money to cover basic medical disbursals. These disbursals are pulled from an employee’s payroll check on a pre-tax footing. There is besides an FSA available for kid attention disbursals. An employee chooses a dollar sum to be pulled each wage period and uses that money to pay for any out-of-pocket medical. alveolar consonant. vision or kid attention disbursals. There is a maximal sum established by the employer available throughout the program twelvemonth ( January 1 to December 31 ) . If a company chooses to offer an FSA. it is of import that there is hard currency on manus in order to reimburse employees for disbursals. By jurisprudence. this is required to be fulfilled from the first twenty-four hours of the year—even if the employee part is. at that point. less than the entire sum of the disbursal ( 2010 ) . Employee Benefits: A 401 ( K ) Retirement Savings Plan Over the old ages. the 401 ( K ) option has changed drastically. This benefit can assist enormously in enrolling employees and cut downing turnover. Smaller or private companies do non typically carry plans such as these. Statistically. merely 15 per centum of companies with between five and 99 employees offer a 401 ( K ) program. the most common type of employer-sponsored retirement nest eggs plan ( 2010 ) . It is a voluntary retirement nest eggs program into which employees can automatically and consistently lodge a part of their pre-tax net incomes. Employers higher houses to administrate and command the program. and in many instances. companies match employee parts up to a certain per centum. The lucifer parts are besides on a tax-deductible footing. ( Fees paid to the outside investing houses are deductible by the employers. Along with that. employers are responsible for any extortionate fees that are allowed to travel undisputed. That may besides be held apt in the event of any signifier of mismanagement. ) ( 2010 ) Employees entree their money by either borrowing against the value of their ain history. retreating financess ( at a punishment if done prior to retirement ) . or waiting for tax-exempt distributions at 59? or at retirement. When employees leave the company. they are allowed to rollover the money either into an IRA or the new 401 ( K ) plans. In many instances. employees choose to go forth the money with the original investing house. The 401 ( K ) option is a capital- and time-intensive manner to honor workers. It is frequently. greatly appreciated by employees. particularly in footings of employer matching. This program offer employees greater fiscal independency. particularly in their clip of retirement. Along these same lines is employer funded programs. besides known as pension programs. These programs are typically seen with the public service industry ( instructors. infirmaries. etc. ) . nevertheless fewer and fewer private companies are offering this benefit. In fact. many com panies these yearss or wholly shuting out the plans and offering employees that are younger than 59- ? old ages old the chance to take a ball amount so that the pension program will non be responsible for their payout at the clip of the employees retirement. Employee Benefits: Vacation Time Paid holiday clip is a really common benefit and is by and large considered a low-priced benefit to offer. In the United States. the standard clip offered within a little concern is two hebdomads paid leave. Many companies ab initio offer employees two hebdomads and honor them with extra clip the employee physiques clip with the company. In some instances. companies will pro-rate holiday clip accrual. so that new hires are able to take a small spot of paid holiday clip in their first twelvemonth. In making a holiday policy from abrasion. there should be regulations established that order how much notice an employee must give requesting clip off. Many companies besides carry a use-it-or-lose-it policy. Harmonizing to a survey released by a confer withing house in Philadelphia called Right Management. 66 per centum of employees neglected to utilize all of their holiday clip in 2009 ( 2010 ) . Although this type of employee. otherwise known as a workaholic. may look attractive in theory ; in pattern. there is danger of burnout and emphasis among these workers. Many companies existent require employees to utilize all of their holiday clip. In some instances workers are required to take two weeks’ off at a clip. Employee Benefits: Additional Paid Time OffFamily Medical Leave – This statute law. in topographic point since 1993. requires employers with a head count of 50 or more to let workers to take up to 12 hebdomads of unpaid leave to care for a ill household member. A company is required to maintain the person’s occupation unfastened until such a clip as he or she can return. and to go on to cover the employee’s wellness benefits ( 2010 ) . Maternity Leave – Many employers offer new female parents 6 to 12 hebdomads of paid pregnancy leave. Some companies even offer new male parents paternity leave. New statute law carries particular regulations related to nursing female parents every bit good. For illustration. a company should hold a designated nursing room for new mas and do accommodations to agendas to suit new child care issues. Paid pregnancy leave normally consists of 100 per centum of salary paid in the period before she returns to work. although some co ncerns pay merely a partial sum of a worker’s net incomes during her pregnancy leave. Still others place new mas on disablement leave. It should be noted that. by jurisprudence. pregnant adult females are a protected category and may non be terminated or otherwise the topic of occupation favoritism ( 2010 ) . Flextime – With a flexible work plan. an employee can take to work untypical concern hours so long as assignments are completed in a timely mode. These agreements take many different signifiers including working a 4-day hebdomad. job-sharing and teleworking. Flextime is considered a wise pick particularly if a company is seeking to tap a certain demographic of the work force such as older workers or new female parents. It can be disputing to happen the right benefits bundle for a company. While many employers offer the standard wellness coverings and other benefits mentioned above. more and more companies are diversifying into other sorts of compensation bundles. Many employers are now offering a wider scope of extra. upgraded bundles. Among these are life insurance. tuition aid. short / long term disablement and senior attention. The right program design for a company is of import. and should be designed for what is most likely to appeal to its employees. In making a program. it is utile to see the demands of the specific employee base. For illustration. income degree can impact the benefit demands of employees ; if lower wag es are offered it may be advisable to increase certain benefit offerings. Gender can besides hold a important impact on the benefits preferred by employees. Harmonizing to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. in 1950 adult females merely made up around 30 per centum of the work force ( â€Å"Women at Work† . 2011 ) . Today. nevertheless. adult females make up about one half of all working grownups. This makes it critical that employers consider the demands of female employees more carefully today than might hold been necessary in the yesteryear. Another factor can be age ; see how different employees may necessitate different benefits. While a younger employee might prefer a subsidised gym rank. more mature workers might choose for better retirement nest eggs programs or long-run attention options. An employer must see the diverseness of the work force when planing the benefit options. A good agencies of making a benefits program that will appeal to all of the current and possible employees is to let workers to take certain benefits from a bill of fare of options. With this method. employees can plan a benefits bundle that is right for them. A good benefits bundle can make more for concern than merely guaranting employees have a step of fiscal stableness. By making a benefits bundle that entreaties to the employee base. an organisation can assist vouch that workers will be sati sfied in their occupations. intending that they will work harder and remain in their places longer. However. a benefits bundle can. in fact. make even more than better company productiveness. A good benefits bundle can be an first-class agencies of enrolling. and keeping. the best employees. With an first-class benefits bundle in topographic point one can guarantee that the company will be better able to enroll top endowment. With this in head. it is advisable to guarantee that the company is slightly familiar with the benefits bundles of main rivals. A company should do certain that their bundle is of equal or greater value to their employee base. By understanding both what employees value. and what rivals offer. a company will certainly stand apart from the remainder. Company-provided benefits bundles are a major cost of making concern. In today’s economic system health care can be more than of all time before. which is merely exacerbated by the demand to increase benefit offerings to stay competitory. Therefore. it is of import to guarantee that the most cost effectual bundle possible is in topographic point. The best manner to maintain the cost of benefits down is to compare monetary value offering before doing a concluding determination on the supplier of benefits. Merely as a concern must stay competitory in its field. benefits suppliers must besides vie within their field. Sometimes using an outside expert. such as a professional insurance agent. can be an effectual agencies of guaranting that the most value is being offered with the benefits program. In add-on. to cut down costs one should see cut downing coverage in certain countries or increasing the part made by employees. However. those moves should be considered carefully. as it could backlash by taking to employee dissatisfaction and loss. Therefore. one should see in what peculiar countries employee parts could be increased without negative effects. The flexible nest eggs account mentioned above is one manner to minimise cost without ensuing in employee dissatisfaction. As mentioned earlier. these histories allow employees to lodge financess pre-tax in order to pay for peculiar. designated disbursals. Most common are wellness nest eggs histories. which are going progressively popular among corporate benefits bundles. and are likewise well-liked by employees. Last. but surely non least. costs may be minimized merely by offering plans that will maintain employees healthy. since healthy employees are non merely more productive but are besides less likely to do big claims on their company wellness insurance. Wellness plans. such as grippe shooting clinics. malignant neoplastic disease showings. stop-smoking bundles. or even company parts to gym ranks. can finally salvage a company 1000000s of dollars by cut downing the opportunities of big insurance pay-outs ( see Figure 1 ) . Figure 1. An one-year MetLife survey. entitled. Study of Employee Benefit Trends. reveals that more and more employers are using health plans in their benefits bundle. A quality benefits bundle is an frequently unmarked tool for guaranting a company is successful. Through the careful designing of a customized. cost-efficient program. top endowment can be recruited. current employees will stay happy and productive. and the company will stay competitory in its field. An one-year MetLife survey revealed that employee keeping is most surely tied to employee satisfaction of benefits ( see Figure 2 ) . Figure 2. ( â€Å"10th Annual Study of Employee Benefits Trends. † 2012 ) . DecisionIn decision. a company should believe carefully about what benefits will appeal most to their peculiar employee base. A diverse program with options should be considered. so that employees can take from a bill of fare to make their ain ideal bundle. Additionally. the company should see what coverage the rivals offer and plan a similar bundle. Although benefits frequently come with a brawny monetary value ticket. minimising the costs of offering benefits can be best accomplished by comparing monetary values or offering employee-contribution strategies such as flexible nest eggs histories. an appealing benefits bundle can be offered while still maintaining costs low. In some instances. a Chief executive officer or CFO may happen it helpful to confer with with an outside expert like an outsourced CFO services house to assist plan the benefits bundle. A professional such as this can pull on many old ages of experience evaluating. selecting and managing programs that are cost effe ctual. competitory and attractive to employees. One thing is certain – employee demand for a strong benefits bundle continues to lift. as solid benefits and occupation satisfaction progressively are considered to travel hand-in-hand. In order to remain competitory. the organisations of this decennary must listen to those demands so that they will pull and keep quality squad members. finally making success for their full organisation. Mentions 10th Annual Study of Employee Benefits Trends [ Electronic version ] . ( 2012 ) .Bram. T. ( 2011. July 19 ) . How to a Create Benefits Package for your Small Business. In Outright. com. Retrieved November 4. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: //outright. com/blog/how-to-a-create-benefits-package-for-your-small-business/ How to Construct a Competitive Benefits Package ( 2010. April 26 ) . In Inc. com.Krumrie. M. ( 2003. April ) . Employee Benefits: Select benefits [ Electronic version ] . Upsize Magazine.Lapowsky. I. ( 2010. August 27 ) . 10 Thingss Employees Want Most [ Electronic version ] . Inc Magazine.Rothberg. A. ( 2012 ) . Competitive Employee Benefits Packages. In CFOEdge. com.Retrieved November 4. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cfoedge. com/resources/articles/cfo-edge-competitive-employee-benefits-packages. pdf Womans at Work ( 2011. March ) . In Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved November 17. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bls. gov/spotlight/2011/women/

The Arab Spring and Morocco

A wave of demonstrations and protests, which is known as the Arab Spring affected a great number of countries such as Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen, or Syria. They led to the downfall of several autocratic regimes. To some degree, this social upheaval affected Morocco. However, the political regime of this state was able to withstand this turmoil. The article written by Thierry Desrues is aimed at examining the peculiarities of the protest movement in Morocco.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Arab Spring and Morocco specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this work can also show why the Arab Spring did not undermine the monarchy in Morocco. In this case, one should focus on the attempts of the government to reach some compromise with protesters and the absence of a single alternative to the authoritarian regime. Additionally, it is important to remember that the oppression of protesters diminished the influence of d emonstrations. Finally, this movement was not supported by every member of the community. So, Thierry Desrues’ article can be important for understanding the nature of the political movement in Morocco. This source is also helpful for describing the long-term implications of the Arab Spring for this country. These are main questions that should be discussed more closely. First of all, the author points out that the political system in Morocco can be described as a hybrid regime. On the one hand, in this country King Mohammed VI can be described as the main decision-maker whose authority cannot be limited or questioned. So, one can say that Morocco has an autocratic government. Such a situation could be observed in other African countries. However, at the same time, this system enables some participation of individuals in the public life of the country. For instance, in 2005, the policy of reducing poverty was implemented by associative networks (Desrues 413). These local orga nizations had the authority to decide in which way the financial resources could be used. To a great extent, this policy was helpful for creating an illusion that people could take part in the political life of a country. So, this is one of the issues that Thierry Desrues wants to explore in this text. It seems that this discussion can throw light on the complexities of the social and political life in this country. This policy helped the government to reduce the tensions within the society. Furthermore, it is important to mention that the protest movement in this country was represented by very different groups. In particular, one can speak about leftist parties such as Unified Socialist Party, the supporters of student unionism, human rights organizations, Islamists, and many others (Desrues 415). In other words, they did not have a common political agenda. Many of them did not try to overthrow the political regime of the country.Advertising Looking for essay on political sci ences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of them only wanted to promote the rights of Amazigh people, while others supported the idea of gender equality (Desrues 418). Yet, they were not necessarily opposed to the form of government which emerged in this country. This is one of the reasons why they did not provide a valid alternative to the monarchical rule of King Mohammed VI. Overall, Thierry Desrues is able to identify the reasons why the regime could withstand this upheaval. Such an explanation seems to be quite feasible. Additionally, the author of this article points out that Mohammed VI was able to respond to the political unrest in this country. Much attention should be paid to the constitutional reform which was carried out right after the protests (Desrues 418). For instance, this reform increased the authority of the parliament in this country. Moreover, these changes in the legislation were supposed to address the co ncerns of many people. One should pay attention to such problems as the discrimination against Amazigh people or gender inequality (Desrues 418). It should be mentioned that in Morocco, monarchical rule still exercises strong influence over the legislative and executive power. However, this constitutional reform was perceived as the intention of the state to comply with the demands of the society. To a great extent, Thierry Desrues shows that the representatives of the political regime proved to be more flexible than other authoritarian leaders. This flexibility helped the government to avoid a possible downfall. This is one of the main arguments that can be put forward. Apart from that, it is important to mention that the opposition to the monarchical rule was partly suppressed through intimidation, home visits, and arrests of people (Desrues 420). This strategy of the government prevented many people from joining demonstrations and protests. Nevertheless, it is important to rememb er the government did not try to escalate violence against the protestors. Apart from that, there were people who objected to the radical political transformation of Morocco. They had confrontations with the protesters (Desrues 420). This is another issue that can be singled out. In this article, the author shows various members of the Moroccan society had different views on the development of the government. They did not support the idea of a radical change in the political regime. This detail is important for explaining the peculiarities of the Arab Spring in the country. Very often, researchers speak about the so-called â€Å"Moroccan exception†, when they speak about the impact of political upheavals on this country (Desrues 422). As a rule, this term implies that the Arab Spring did not manifest itself very strongly in Morocco. However, one should not suppose that no goals were achieved. In particular, political activists were able to legitimize social and political chan ge within the country. This transformation is important for empowering the citizens of Morocco. Furthermore, this outcome can be regarded as a form of success because the Moroccan society was able to avoid such pitfalls as continuous violence or even military conflicts. It is quite possible that the gradual evolution of this society can contribute to the improvements in the lives of people. This is one of the details that should be distinguished.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Arab Spring and Morocco specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the whole, the examples which Thierry Desrues provides can explain why the Arab Spring did not result in the overthrow of the monarchical rule in Morocco. One should consider such factors as the hybrid nature of the political regime in this country; 2) the willingness of the government to make concessions to the public; 3) the absence of a single political agenda; and 4) the actions of the police force and the opposition to protestors. These are the main issues that can be identified. It is possible to say that Thierry Desrues’ article can be helpful for the examination of the political and social transformation in Morocco. This is why it should not be overlooked by the readers. Works Cited Desrues, Thierry. â€Å"Mobilizations in a hybrid regime: The 20th February Movement and the Moroccan regime.† Current Sociology 61.4 (2013): 409-423. Print. This essay on The Arab Spring and Morocco was written and submitted by user Frederick Marquez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

This essay analyzes Voltaires ideas on reform through his novel Candide. He is for reform and this essay shows examples of why.

This essay analyzes Voltaires ideas on reform through his novel Candide. He is for reform and this essay shows examples of why. Voltaire uses satire to point out the follies in society during his time in order to help the community reshape their behavior and attitudes. He brings to view sin, selfishness, and religious intolerance that are created by the upper class citizens and religious leaders. Voltaire has an ideal society and government in mind, but he knows that it is impossible to achieve. In order to avoid misery, one should live life happily through hard work and honesty. Voltaire's idea of reform in his novel can be characterized as positive. He suggests the need for reform by revealing the evils in society, such as hypocrisy, especially in the name of religion and the arrogance of wealthy people.Throughout the novel, Voltaire attacks hypocrisy, most prevalent in religion, and displays the cruel actions of the priests, monks, and other religious leaders. When Cunegonde and Candide are reunited for the first time, Cunegonde tells him the most unfortunate story.This engraving is from Voltaire's Candide : it depi...First she was raped by a Bulgarian and was then held as a prisoner of war (Voltaire, 40). Later the Bulgar captain sold her, as though she was a commodity, to a Jewish man by the name of Don Issachar, who had to share her with the Grand Inquisitor (Voltaire, 41-42). Soon after, the readers find out that the old woman was also sold again and again. Voltaire is showing the immorality of every class and religion. This was seen twice in the novel to highlight the lack of human values. The old woman was also raped by the Moroccan pirates when she and her mother went on a holiday (Voltaire, 51). They were then taken to Morocco, where the Emperor's sons fought to win the old woman and some other ladies (Voltaire, 52). Voltaire tells us that during the bloodshed and rape, the...

Facts About Hydrogen, Atomic Number One on the Periodic Table

Facts About Hydrogen, Atomic Number One on the Periodic Table Hydrogen is the element that is atomic number 1 on the periodic table. The element number or atomic number is the number of protons present in the atom. Each hydrogen atom has one proton, which means it has a 1 effective nuclear charge. Basic Atomic Number 1 Facts At room temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless gas.While ordinarily classified as a nonmetal, the solid form of hydrogen acts like other alkali metals in the same column of the periodic table. Hydrogen metal forms under intense pressure, so it is not seen on Earth, but it does exist elsewhere in the solar system.The pure element bonds to itself to form diatomic hydrogen gas. This is the lightest gas, although it is not significantly lighter than helium gas, which exists as a monatomic element.Element atomic number 1 is the most abundant element in the universe. In terms of a sheer number of atoms, about 90% of atoms in the universe are hydrogen. Because the element is so light, this translates into around 74% of the universe by mass.Hydrogen is extremely flammable, but it doesnt burn without the presence of oxygen. If you were to place a lit match into a container of pure hydrogen, the match would simply go out, not cause an explosion. Now, if it was a mixture of hydrogen and air, the gas would ignite! Many elements can exhibit a variety of oxidation states. While atomic number 1 usually displays a 1 oxidation state, it can also pick up a second electron and exhibit a -1 oxidation state. Because two electrons fill the s subshell, this is a stable configuration. Atomic Number 1 Isotopes There are three isotopes that all have atomic number 1. While an atom of each isotope has 1 proton, they have different numbers of neutrons. The three isotopes are proton, deuterium, and tritium. Protium is the most common form of hydrogen in the universe and in our bodies. Each protium atom has one proton and no neutrons. Ordinarily, this form of element number 1 has one electron per atom, but it readily loses it to form the H ion. When people talk about hydrogen, this is the isotope of the element usually being discussed. Deuterium is a naturally occurring isotope of element atomic number 1 that has one proton and also one neutron. Since the number of protons and neutrons is the same, you might think this would be the most abundant form of the element, but its relatively rare. Only around 1 in 6400 hydrogen atoms on Earth are deuterium. Although its a heavier isotope of the element, deuterium is not radioactive. Tritium also occurs naturally, most often as a decay product from heavier elements. The isotope of atomic number 1 is also made in nuclear reactors. Each tritium atom has 1 proton and 2 neutrons, which is not stable, so this form of hydrogen is radioactive. Tritium has a half-life of 12.32 years.

Critically analyse the fall of mankind in Genesis 3 and God's response Essay

Critically analyse the fall of mankind in Genesis 3 and God's response to it - Essay Example Exegesis of Genesis 3: 1-24 This book begins with the temptation of mankind via Satan slandering God to Eve through angelic disguise. The snake was a creature created by God, but it was a sneaker creature as compared to the other animals created. Satan chooses to use the serpent as it had a crafty character (genesis 3:1). The Devil in dwelt the snake and it is his tone of voice that was heard by Eve. The serpent began a conversation with Eve in relation to God’s prohibition to the tree in the center of the Garden of Eden (Westbow Press 2013: 127). The expression used by the serpent to Eve was very meticulous; it was a rhetorical question. The woman replied by saying that they were allowed all other fruits except the one in the middle of the garden. The serpent brushes this aside to concentrate in on God’s ruling out of the tree of understanding of good and wickedness (Kvam 1999 et al: 431). This term, â€Å"or you will die† is used three times in verses 3 and 4. It is unclear what Eve comprehended concerning the demise for none of the animals created had passed away. This term may have been communicated by God to the man and woman (Williams 2010: 17). According to the Bible, there are three types of demise: the spiritual death which transpires in Genesis 3, the physical death which outcomes (Genesis 5), and the eternal death as an outcome of man’s bolshie, defiant heart (Revelation 2:11). Genesis 3: 4-5 reveals how Satan assaulted God’s authenticity as well as the genuineness of God’s word; this was evident from Satan’s denial of God’s statement. There was limited truth in the words uttered by Satan, consumption of the fruit could not make man reason or â€Å"be like God†. The offer given to Eve was too intoxicating. Eve was tempted in three stages: first: she saw that the tree was good for food, second: that it was pleasant to the eyes, and thirdly: that it was desirable to make one wise. This reve als the threefold development of temptation to the actual act of sin. Eve later on acted towards Adam in the same manner that the serpent acted towards her. According to the book written by Milton, Paradise Lost, Adam ate the fruit so that he would not be separated from Eve (Milton & Stallard 2011: 38). Immediately after the consumption, they knew they were naked and sewed leaves together to cover their nakedness (Genesis 3:7). The opening of their eyes was not a substantial opening of the eyes but the realization of their nakedness and loss of the glory they had enjoyed. In the conversation that proceeds, God does not come to Adam to rebuke him or exile him from Paradise, but to bring him to his senses. God asked a rhetorical question â€Å"Where are you† so that Adam and Eve could realize what they had done. According to Clark Pennock, (2002) The Most Moved Mover, this rhetorical question is used to develop an aspect in God’s character known as â€Å"Open Theismâ₠¬ . Adam did not answer with remorse, but with self-justification, thereby bringing punishment upon himself. Adam blamed the woman, and even God Himself forgetting that he was responsible for his own actions. This is in line with Flip Wilson’s theology; â€Å"The Devil made me do it!† is no more of a justification than â€Å"Cultural atmosphere forced me to do it† or â€Å"Genetic factors prompted me to do it,†

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Reflection - Essay Example erg’s comments on sexuality and oppression are very insightful, it appears as though she can take any gesture, action, or viewpoint and show how it is literally or symbolically oppressing women. One of the most bizarre analyses that she proposes comes from the section of her chapter that touches on a man holding open the door for a women. She mentions that this is viewed positively and negatively by our culture, but that symbolically it holds completely negative meanings. Rothenberg compares this act to a slave performing for the master, and in turn, argues that it is mocking the woman’s position in society because the woman is always the one taking care of the man. Most men are not holding open a door for a lady to mock, abuse, or belittle her. This is an act out of respect that is meant to honor the presence of the woman and make sure that she knows that the man cares about her. A poll could be taken by every man in America and none of them would say that they have held open a door for a lady to intentionally oppress them or mock their existence. Rothenberg also makes reference that a woman, no matter how she dresses, behaves, or is sexually active or non-active sh e is perceived as wanting sex and, therefore, wanting to be raped. This is an absurd notion that anyone with a useful brain can understand that no person desires to be raped; and therefore, no person should believe that the woman would want to be raped regardless of any stereotypical behavior that she may or may not perform. While the author mentions many examples similar to rape and holding the door, she does provide a very strong analysis of multiple social factors all equally restricting women in her bird cage metaphor. If we look closely at just one wire on the cage, or an individual social factor, we cannot comprehend how it is being restrictive or oppressing the victim. On the other hand, if we take a few steps back and analyze all of the wires together, or all of the social factors

Mexican Immigration Essay Example for Free

Mexican Immigration Essay People from Mexico during the years 1900-today influenced life in the USA in a positive manner. These people emigrated because of economic opportunity and brought their culture with them. The community into which they moved responded with both positive and negative opinions. Short term influences include Mexican food, Mexican events like Cinco de Mayo, Mexican music, and many other things from their culture. 2nd generation immigrants influence the amount of cheap labor filled up in the country, and Mexican culture being accepted into the mainstream such as entertainment. Long term impact of these immigrants may result in general acceptance of Mexican immigration, a backlash against the Mexican immigration, or possibly easier ways to move to This essay will show an analogy of the human body to be compared with Mexican immigration. The head being the thoughts and feelings of people in America based on Mexican immigration, the arms being the Mexicans contributions to arts and entertainment, the hands being the immigrants work ethic and their effect on the American economy, the heart being Mexican immigrations effect on religion, holidays, and traditions, the gut being Mexican immigrations contribution to culinary influences, the legs being how the borders have been crossed in terms of transportation and such, and the feet being the foundation of Mexican immigrants in the country. With relation to the head, in the United States, the arrival of Mexican immigrants has mostly harbored negative feelings. Of course, the cry of U. S citizens has been Theyre taking our jobs! which is somewhat true, but that will be discussed later on in this paper. Americans havent exactly reacted well to the movement of Mexicans into the country legally or illegally, but it seems that there is a new wave of acceptance of Mexicans in the country, with Mexican culture, entertainment, food, and humor in much of the mainstream. Of course, many of the second generation Mexican American citizens in the US provide an acceptance of the Mexican immigration, with many people trying to spread awareness of the good that Mexican immigration does and how their ancestors came in the past and gave them a better life than what they would have had in Mexico. In the future, I predict that the US population will accept Mexican immigration as acceptable and will not be so biased against Mexican immigrants. In relation to the arms, one of Mexican immigrations most positive aspects is the bringing of Mexican culture and entertainment into the US. Ever since Mexicans started moving into our country, their art, entertainment, and other aspects of their culture have seeped their way into the American lexicon. Mexican art is of course a big influencer in the South in states like Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California. Many houses in these regions are adorned with Mexican art or carry on a Mexican style. Of course this most likely wouldnt be possible without people coming from Mexico into America. There is also a huge rush of Mexican culture all over media. Lately, there have been many television shows starring Mexican actors where the theme of being Mexican in America and doing well has prospered. Shows like George Lopez where he constantly mentions the fact that hes Mexican and makes many jokes based on his heritage. Many shows like this, along with Mexican musics influence on different types of music have shown that Mexican immigration has been very positive based on its cultural impact. With relation to the hands, Mexican immigrants have had a long record of outstanding work ethic when it comes to arriving in the country and finding work. Mexican immigrants have been able fill up an incredible amount of so-called cheap labor and have had a positive effect on the US economy. It has been shown that Mexicans arriving from Mexico usually acquire jobs upon their arrival, and the amount of Mexicans receiving welfare is very low. Of course, theres always the American cry of Theyre taking our jobs! but actually, Mexican immigrants have created more jobs than theyve taken. The immigrants mostly take lower level jobs that have trouble being filled, which create many more managerial positions and supervisor positions, and those are mostly the jobs that Americans have been known to want. So Mexican immigrants may take jobs, but they also create more for the country, and thats very positive. In relating to the heart, Mexicans have been a large influencing factor in traditions and holidays. Of course, the immigrants from Mexico practice the traditions and holidays they did in their native country. In doing this, many people around them caught on to some of the things they were practicing such as Cinco de Mayo and fiestas. These practices caught on in the rest of the country and became very popular. Just like how in every bar and grill in the country, Cinco do Mayo is celebrated by half priced margaritas and Mexican dishes are discounted. In religion, Mexicans are mostly Roman-Catholic and are able to practice their religion easily. With relation to the gut, Mexican influence in food is outstanding. In every town and city across the country, theres usually at least one Mexican restaurant. In fact, the US is the country that has the most Mexican food, which is actually very ironic. Mexican food has been a true staple of cuisine in America for a long time now, and is incredibly popular. This has been the leading cause of acceptance for Mexican immigration mostly, because Americans seem to love Mexican food. The successes of Mexican restaurants like Taco Bell, Taco Johns, and On the Border have shown how positive Mexican immigration and influence can be. In relation to the legs, Mexican people have arrived in many ways. Along the border there are about 29 ports to access to be able to get into the country from Mexico, which the Mexican immigrants use to legally enter the country. They first enter there and then apply for green cards, visas, and American citizenship. Then theres always the illegal way of getting into the country. Many people go over the border by being smuggled inside a truck into the country, entering the country where they are no border police or personnel, bribing a guard to let them in the country, or somehow climbing one of the very tall barb wire fences along the border and running as fast as you can. Of course none of those ways are easy, being that on an average day, 3,000 people try to illegally cross the border and only an estimated 800 are able to make it through. It is hard to illegally enter the country, but of course many people do. Most people tend to think that most Mexican immigrants enter in illegally, but only 1 in 5 Mexican immigrants have illegally entered the country and not received documentation of their arrival. With relation to the feet, Mexican immigrants have a strong foundation in this country. There is a large Mexican population now in the US and it has a very large basis of culture and influence. Mexicans are beginning to be accepted more into the mainstream of America and have become an integral part of our country. There are many second generation Mexicans in government and politics as well as entertainment and the arts. Now in America, the Mexican people are widely accepted by US citizens and racism against them is beginning to cease. They have become a very important race of people to our country and our people. Overall, Mexican immigration is very positive. It brings many things to the country that wouldnt be here if Mexican people didnt move here. With their contribution to the arts, entertainment, cuisine, traditions, and the economy, Mexican people have become a great asset. I believe that more people will finally accept Mexican immigration as a positive occurrence and will greet new Mexican people with open arms. As the Mexican immigration continues, the country will only get better.

How Lost Lake has Influenced My Life :: Observation Essays

How Lost Lake has Influenced My Life One day when I was five years old I recall my grandfather asking "Steve, why don't, you go with us to Minnesota next week?" My grandfather was a very important person to me, until he died in 1986. I spent every possible moment of my life either with him or thinking about him. Everything he loved, I loved, and vice-versa. Being bored with my present lifestyle in Peoria and excited about traveling with my grandfather, I took up his offer. After a day long car ride with my father, uncle, and grandparents, I arrived at the location that would forever influence and inspire my life: Lost Lake, Minnesota. I first remarked on the cabin we were going to stay in, for it reminded me very much of the cabin on Log Cabin pancake syrup. I was also surprised at the trees: along with the beautiful pines were these trees with white bark. I asked my grandfather what kind of trees they were, and he told me that they were birch trees. I thought he said "perch", figuring that the trees were named after a species of fish common in the lake. When we went out on the lake to fish I caught a bass on the first cast of my fishing career. My excitement was colossal. While we were fishing I heard a sound I had never heard before: the call of the loon, the state bird of Minnesota. This haunting sound is the trademark of the North Woods. Its sound is quite similar to a moan in a horror picture. Since I experienced all of these new things while having the time of my life, I fell in love with the fish, the loons, and the birch trees. These feelings would stay with me forever. Many of the things I witnessed on my first trip to Lost Lake closely reflect primary interests in my life now. That smallmouth bass introduced me to one of my very favorite hobbies: fishing. I now go fishing at every possible opportunity. Unfortunately, central Illinois is not blessed with fishing lakes, so my fishing is limited to local farm ponds and creeks. I try to go fishing at least once a week. After seeing those mysterious white trees I became very interested in studying trees. Today I can identify any tree anywhere in the United States.

Post-War Germany Comparison and Problems

Post-war Germany comparison and problems of economic development Through the previous essay describes, we knew Germany from baifeidaixing status after the war to later return to the powerful countries of the world. Need a lot of qualified support, in which the Government plays a crucial role. This is why defeated Germany to rise again, and the victory of the United Kingdom had lost its dominance. The fate of two kinds of economic One of the most significant features in the history of Western Europe after the war in West Germany and the United Kingdom of great contrasts on economic development.Germany a generation in their own fate had experienced twice in the life of the vanquished: the cities were destroyed and currency failure, male labour force is either killed or being held in prisoner of war camps, transport and service infrastructure had been completely destroyed. While the United Kingdom was only a clear victory in the second world war in Europe. Aside from being subjected to bombing and personnel injury, a United Kingdom structures throughout the country such as roads, railways, docks, industrial and mining enterprises have survived in the war in its entirety.However, by the early 1960 ‘s, the Federal Germany began to flourish, as Europe's economic power, and the United Kingdom have delayed development of economic growth is lagging far behind other countries in Western Europe. According to the 1960 ‘s economic growth statistics, Germany's economic growth rate was 9%, and United Kingdom for 2. 6%, with the exception of Ireland outside the United Kingdom became the slow development of the developed countries. In 1958, the West German economy is more than the United Kingdom.In the eyes of many observers, United Kingdom is becoming Europe's patients. The fate of the two distinct and with ironic, today it seems very educative. 1950 ‘s Germany an â€Å"economic miracle† the background lies in its 1930 revival plan. The Nazis had inves ted a large amount of financial and material resources in communication, arms, vehicles, optics, chemical industry and non-ferrous metals and light engines were originally part of a war economy, but 20 years later took effect. Economist Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard's â€Å"social market economy† theory as Germany as provided strong support, in fact, political and business young talent of the post-war West Germany emerged initially were Nazi officials. Germany business critical infrastructure is not damaged in the war. The early 1950, manufacturing companies, banks, insurance companies, wholesalers and recovery operations, providing products and services to foreign markets. Even Germany mark rising failed to hinder Germany economic development that he reduce the import cost of raw materials, but there is no limit on foreign Germany product demand, Germany is a high value, technologically advanced goods.They win depends on quality, rather than price. What's more, in the first decades after World War I, they had little competition: Sweden, and French and the Netherlands who wants to buy some engines product or tool who, in addition to from Germany purchases, had no choice. Power of suppliers higher than buyers' power. By introducing an industry can learn about circumstances. In 1960, the Germany automobile manufacturing because of quality and reliable engine has won international prestige.Stuttgart's Mercedes-Benz and BMW in Munich near-monopoly on the premium-car market, first at home, then continuously overseas. The Bonn Government to openly support the industry, providing early support preferential loans to them, and to encourage cooperation between banks and enterprises, to Germany companies provide cash investments . Volkswagen as early as 1945 completes the infrastructure. And like many other industries in West Germany after the war, Volkswagen benefited from a free market economy, it has not suffered a loss of competition. Volkswagen in 1939 before access to a steady stream of resources.It worked for the Nazi, war and military occupation service, because when the coalition Government from relocating a public company, its production capacity has been established before the war, so no further investments can be put into production after the war. United Kingdom also has the national lead industries, Morris, Austin independent car makers, such as a merger of the British Motor Corporation, British Motor Corporation and subsequently integrated into the Leyland Motor Corporation, specializing in United Kingdom Leyland cars. By the year 1980, Leyland Motor Company franchised United Kingdom featured automobile products.And Germany manufacturer, United Kingdom auto makers are increasingly concerned with overseas markets. However the outcome is completely different. After the second world war, successive United Kingdom Government have urged car companies try to sell vehicles overseas in order to attract foreign exchange earnings to offset the h uge war debt owed by the State. (Tony Judt writes in the Postwar:A History of Europe Since 1945, the Government's export target is at the end of the 1940 ‘s, United Kingdom production of automobile exports to 75% per cent of the total production).Some companies in order to quickly increase production and even wilful neglect of quality management. Initially, United Kingdom cars of poor quality and did not have a negative impact. United Kingdom company has monopolized the market: United Kingdom orders in domestic and European markets far exceeds the supply. Manufacturers on the production of the European continent is not United Kingdom rivals: 1949 United Kingdom production total production for the bus than in other European countries (Robert ,1995) However, with the passage of time, United Kingdom car industry the low quality and reputation for poor service.Other States car lot listing types to choose from, European people do not buy United Kingdom cars any more . When the Brit ish decided to upgrade the auto industry, and production lines to improve modernized equipment, United Kingdom, car companies could not like Germany companies as cash investments and loans from the banks. They cannot look to get help from the Government for assistance. However, in London, under political pressure, in order to obey the decision of the local government and to reassure the local politicians and trade union organizations, they have to build in undeveloped rural areas distribution centre .In 1968, the United Kingdom of the Leyland Motor Corporation was under 60 different plants. United Kingdom Government policy make manufacturers very negative. After the war, Government in accordance with the manufacturer's market share before the war to them very small amount of iron and steel, the past mode of economic development in many industries to be frozen. Security of supply is not in place, a false high demand and political pressure. Eventually led to the United Kingdom car ind ustry go bankrupt.By the year 1970, Europe and Japan automotive manufacturers began occupation of the British market, and on the quality and price beat the United Kingdom. The 70 ‘s oil crisis, United Kingdom joined the European Community, and the United Kingdom finally protected market disappeared because of a reversal of colonial, which eventually destroyed the United Kingdom independent of the automotive industry. United Kingdom independent auto industry decline and ultimate demise, largely on behalf of United Kingdom general course of economic development.United Kingdom economy aren't so bad at the outset: Roger in The British economy since 1945:engaging with in the debate pointed out that the 1951 United Kingdom is Europe's major manufacturing centers, total production was Germany and France and twice times. United Kingdom achieving full employment, and economic development has been slower than other countries, but also in the growth phase. United Kingdom's payments crisi s, mainly from 6 years to fight Germany and Japan accumulate huge debts owed by, in addition, to support effective defense system after the war and the substantial expenditure.In 1955 defense spending as a share of national income of 8. 2%, Germany spending less than United Kingdom half. (Roger,2000) . In the 1950 sterling was overvalued, United Kingdom it would be difficult to sell enough overseas products, to make up for Sterling against the dollar's long-term deficit. As an island nation, United Kingdom is totally dependent on imported food and plenty of raw materials, in the history of United Kingdom relies entirely on the Commonwealth took over control of privileged markets to make up for this disadvantage.Two forces of conflict Through the comparison of the above we can see that in the special period of government intervention in the economy, Germany has achieved a successful social market economy path, but the process was not smooth sailing. Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany came into effect on May 24, 1949, section 2,3,9,12,14 provides:Must have its boundaries the State in managing the economy. Thus, negating the centralized economic management system.Mission mainly in the framework of the provisions of the country's economic order and checks and balances and manage conflict that is raised at the community level. States should not intervene directly in labour conflicts, but must develop a legal framework for labour relations into a certain amount of redistribution through the tax and social policy implementation. (Overy,2003). Due to the inclusion of social and market two elements, that is, the balance between economic and social development, therefore, inevitable in the process of economic development, there were two rival of heterogeneous elements.When this counter is functioning as a complementary relationship, economic takeoff, and when excessive when there is a confrontation between the two complementary, economy will enter a period of struggling in the doldrums. Politically, the two forces dominated by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the Social Democratic Party (SPD), the two major political parties reflect. Therefore, the actual relationship between these two heterogeneous elements to a large extent associated with the Government party structure.Back to post-war Germany economic course, followed before and after can be divided into three stages: the CDU's ruling period of economic development;The social construction of social democratic party in power;Competing with each other in economic downturn. I. Construction of market-oriented economy Postwar Germany, devastated. Economic reconstruction is a priority. Before the advent of the first Government, as the supreme body management â€Å"Frankfurt Economist† (Frankfurter Wirtschaftsrat) made it clear that the direction of economic development is: sharp weakening of government intervention, strongly stimulating market vitality.The 1949 election, in favour of market mechanism and economic regulation of the CDU was pushed on the first stage of the Government, Ludwig Erhard became Economics Minister. Thus, Germany within the framework of the social market economy has embarked on a road of economic rehabilitation of maximize the free market energy. General policy: cancel rationing imposed by the occupation authorities after the war, reducing economic regulation, the maximum possible to liberalize markets. Management of absolute respect for the law of Economics, strongly resisted non-economic factors adverse intervention in the economy.Initially, by currency reform cleared after all economic ties with the Nazi era, liberalize prices lead to higher prices are the direct problems. The Government has not taken any administrative intervention, but by economic means, namely by monetary tightening and reducing tax rates to stimulate investment and productivity, such as keeping enterprises ‘ working capital, worker overtime zero inc ome tax. As soon as production increases, increased incomes for the people. With the formation of the market mechanism, the emergence of competition, companies are more and more rational, unemployed workers in large numbers there.Faced with this situation, the Government did not change its policies, mandatory intervention, but the use of economic instruments. While in May 1949, by State help to enable Bank discount rate from 5% to 4% per cent,to further stimulate domestic investment;The other hand for the international market (mainly the United Kingdom and France) price increases, on September 19 active devaluation of the Deutsche 20% in order to boost exports. (James, 1998). Soon, production should rise further, unemployment pressure has been effectively alleviated.As the June 1950 the Korean peninsula crisis occurs, a hoard purchase occurred in West Germany, prices rose, also accompanied by an increase in imports. At the same time, unemployment rates begin to rise. In this case, t he forces of planned economies began requiring synchronization in response to price increases to pay. This was at the request of demagoguery, but economy Minister Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard did not waver but continued to adhere to the principles of a market economy. In his view, the market economy can be achieved through improved productivity and wages.Corresponding to this, he immediately withdraw liquidity, raise the minimum reserve amount, limit the discount, the discount rate from 4% per cent to 6%, and mortgage rate from 5% per cent to 7%per cent. Soon, in 1951, the second quarter, a turnaround occurs, exports began to outpace imports. Improvement in the relationship between supply and demand rise in prices has been contained. The unemployment rate began to decrease again. (James, 1998). Economic and political success of CDU and easily won the general election of 1953. Since then, Federal Germany economy enters a period of rapid development, and lasted until 1958.In the meantime, an other force of society could only be achieved with the acoustic echo. Economic policies so widely recognized, on the one hand due to the economic imperative of the age of;Also while stimulating the economy, because the Government did not take the British and American models or free economy model of the Weimar period, but consider the social adjustment and social construction in a timely manner, and effectively and this regulation into economic construction construction operation auxiliary rather than obstacles.According to Hans-Joachim Braun , in his book â€Å"The German economy in the twentieth century†, between 1949-1957 and West Germany issued a series of community-building law, such as 1949 ‘s â€Å"Social Security Balance Act† and â€Å"Emergency Assistance Act†, in 1952, introduced a â€Å"War Loss Balance Act† and â€Å"minimum working conditions found that law† in 1957 and introduced a social security law to the pensions. It can be s aid that, at this time, no country on Earth like the Federal Germany enacted so many of the social balance and regulation laws.These laws balance social conflicts, peace including internal labour conflicts, thus, for the protective effect of sustained economic development. Erhard was not random came to the practice of the social market economy, but has a clear rationale, is economist Walfer Eucken thought. Eucken advocated the establishment of a free competition and pointing to balanced economic policy. Thus, countries ‘ task is to establish an effective market-based. In his view, economic and social issues do not come from between socialism and capitalism, but only from the analysis of the economic order.Therefore, and contrary to Adam Smith, he does not â€Å"competition† as unchanging natural laws, but simply believes that â€Å"competition† must be protected as a human freedom. He was also against collective power against private power. It is based on the â⠂¬Å"neo-liberal† economic thought, in 1957 the West German Government had established antitrust laws, except transport, mining and metallurgy, banking, insurance, agriculture, and limit the emergence of private monopolies.Because of market mechanisms has been effectively activated, balanced also played a supporting role, and post-war reconstruction full release of enthusiasm. 1959-1966, the West German economy enters a period of high growth, even economic overheating. At this point, the voices of the community there have been improvements in social policy, asking the Government to increase social equilibrium. Erhard also did not yield, because he believes that it is not necessary, not only exceeded the means of, but would also drag down the entire economy.He knew that when West German society has differentiated into the various interest groups, and these groups have set out their respective positions to get more benefits from the society or the State, national politics if sati sfied by these different interest groups, it would be caught in some kind of multivariate dependence mechanisms. In this way, States would lose their capacity for action and fall prey to interest groups. Moreover, he knew, on community-building measures cannot be reversed, once the excessive leave the State the economy is in crisis. So, he does not meet another force in the community of the greater ocial redistribution requirements but to build â€Å"an ordered society†:A community ceased to be contrary to the purpose of class and organizations with each other, but put aside all differences of opinion on the country-cooperation community at root, that is, a building based on community organizations and interests working together. In such a society are included in the social market economy, his cooperative did not have a strong compulsion, but from their own forces, from their will, from each other is inseparable from each other is becoming increasingly clearer awareness and u nderstanding. James, 1998) Due to his perseverance and the neo-liberal economic protection at that time, West German economic growth in a continuously high growth in a few years. However, high growth comes immediately after the overheating of imbalance, in late 1966 eventually led to the economic downturn, there is a West German economic recession for the first time in the history of 1966-1967 economic growth rate was-0. 2%. In the 1965 election, SDP vote up votes than the CDU of growth rates.At this point, Erhard with the most total votes remained in coalition with the Liberal Democratic Party largely the outcome of economic policy disagreements have emerged, resulting in rupture of the ruling coalition, Erhard to step down. 1966 Kurt Georg Kiesinger CDU Prime Minister after the failure of coalition talks with the Liberal Democratic Party, and the social democratic party form a new Government, but also by the social democratic party who served as economy Minister. Since then, the W est German economic progressive efforts to increase social construction of the beginning of a new era.II . Regulation-led period of social construction The new Government soon introduced the so-called economic stabilization policies, main content is strengthening national regulation, such as the accumulation of reserves in order to overcome the cyclical economic growth;Establishment of mechanisms for consultations between employers, to exert influence on wage;Establishment of economic forecasting and planning system;Enhanced global perspective of macroeconomic regulation and control, and so on.At the same time also raised the slogan of full employment. This desire for criticism's goal just when almost no one objected, but also enjoy the support of a number of authoritative economic theorists,a market economy is not a purely economic order, but a social, moral and ethical element to set up the system. Prior to economic reconstruction, strengthen the market economy, and now, well, it makes perfect sense to take into account social policy construction.Economic growth Advisory Council was established by the Government, and at the same time established federal and State mechanisms, both employers and employees sharing information. However, due to the overestimation of the capacity of economic forecast, while the lack of an effective means of control, and while it is difficult to agree on consultations among the parties, the original targets not only to achieve, and increased government spending.In 1967 although the recession be overcome by two government economic stimulus program, and genuine economic improvement since then, in 1969, economic growth rate even reached 8. 2%. But these are not the result of the Government's economic policies, and people thought it was a result of increased government regulation, which enable the country to gain the role to maintain social welfare, many up to the question on the State of the market;In one hand, and the social democrat ic party in the people's advancement.The 1969 elections, when all major parties decline in almost all of the votes, only the social democratic party's tally has improved significantly. Apparently, there was an increasing number of voters tend to national social equilibrium. The Social Democratic Party and the Liberal Democratic Party form a new Government, the social democratic party who Willv Brandt as Prime Minister, by the social democratic party who served as Economics Minister also, Karl Schiller, followed by Helmut Schmidt.After the formation of the new Government was fully pursued a policy of State, whereby the State stepped in to control the national economy and social life: on the one hand, in stimulating the economy and to overcome the unemployment rate started to ignore market means on the issue, will mainly focus on the national finance;The other hand, are pushing relies primarily on community-building process of State financial benefits. End of 1972, the West German soc ial policy had reached unprecedented heights.This makes the State finances a huge deficit for the first time. Lucky is that started in the late 1960 ‘s, West Germany enterprise, productivity has been increased significantly, making statistical figures show overall growth of the national economy. Thus, the community generally have a feeling, the Social Democratic Party Government's national policies focus on people's living standards and welfare, concerned about the growth of the national economy through hard intervention, that there is nothing wrong.Such results on the one hand allows to continue the ruling social democratic party along with the established policy of the Government to move on;We will also respect economic laws, market-oriented mechanisms of voice is not up, many acute economic problems do not have enough attention, such as productivity while improving the overall economic growth, presents promote consumption issues, and led to the production of consumption in a new situation.At that time the Government was not trying to deal with, but, as always, will focus on the macro-control and promoting the welfare of the process. 1973 oil crisis inflation have gotten even up to 7%, to the collapse of the Bretton Woods international monetary system of fixed exchange rates for content, followed by the worldwide economic crisis has also affected the West Germany. In 1975, the West German economy fell to its lowest point: all sectors of the economy crisis, an unprecedented slowdown in economic growth, the unemployment rate reached a record high, the 1974-1975 recession.Even under such adverse economic circumstances, the Government is also trying to implement macro-economic control and community-building, only between 1970-1975, West Germany State welfare spending has doubled . Which makes the budget deficit rising at an alarming rate. So the poor economic situation and irrational acts of States when the community was aware of the error of excessive val ue State regulation and welfare. The 1976 election results made it clear that former excessive importance to macro-control and social policy has begun on the construction of public discontent.Thus, the Government began to change economic policy, no macro-economic control, but to enable the market mechanism to make an adjustment, Germany Mark's fixed exchange rate with the US dollar has been cancelled opportunities, linked with productivity growth and stable price level over the medium term the currency merchant policies In this way, by controlling the money supply causes lack of marks on the market, and thus marks compared to the appreciation of the dollar more than 1 time, then rapid import growth.Strong marks and imports accelerated first oil crisis impact on West Germany obviously failed to other Western countries, especially inflation significantly smaller than other countries, which makes rapid upgrading of West Germany's position in the world. Facing export difficulties arisin g therefrom, the State did not conduct a mandatory intervention, but to use market mechanisms to bring West German industrial structure transformation themselves, enhance the market competitiveness of products, such as those of traditional labour-intensive industries such as coal, textile, shipbuilding, iron and steel industry gradually atrophy.This structural transformation will allow the industry to release a lot of unemployed persons of the community, but the Government in view of the inherent law of economic development, or stick to the policies. Therefore, West Germany began in 1976 and continued economic growth. Although in 1979 and there is a second world-wide oil crisis, but the stronger mark makes the impact on Western Germany is significantly less than other Western countries, which increases the international status of West Germany continued to improve, the European financial system, Germany's Federal Bank in a leadership position.Precisely because of the success of this session of the Government's economic policy, the 1980 election, LDP votes most improved significantly compared with the other political parties, SPD is only slightly elevated. This clearly shows that new economic policies to save the fate of the Liberal Democratic party coalition Government, as long as the economy is not affected, people wanted the national focus for community-building. In fact, late 60 ‘s benefits to the construction of the second half of the 70 and never stopped, just slowed.The late 70 and early 80 ‘s, as economic growth and trade union involvement in the enterprise for a rise in a row, both corporate and personal income growth. However, due to the appreciation of the mark and the national framework for intervention persists, investments did not appear accordingly, some enterprises take advantage of the strong mark and cheap labor in foreign countries this should be invested in domestic market began to be moved abroad.This directly lead to the economi c recession that began in 1980, inflation and unemployment rate rising rapidly. At that time, the West German economy has experienced continuous recession that began in 1980, and recessions than 1974-1975 that bad. At the 1983 general election, notable decline in number of votes of the Social Democratic Party and the Liberal Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party Government to step down, West German economic history on the social welfare of the end of the construction period. (James, 1998)III. Difficult period. When headed by Helmut Kohl's CDU in power, immediately offered to go back to era of Erhard's road to a social market economy, but also admits this is not entirely dependent on market mechanisms. Clear specific policies to reduce government spending and to stimulate investment as a core. On October 1, 1983 starts austerity plans, such as reducing the amount of childcare support, was in hospital and nursing homes are no longer exclusively by the State a full payment, individ uals must be part of the burden.These initiatives reduced national social expenditure only reduces new issuance of government bonds, but not to have total accumulated national debt reduction, because the national welfare systems have been set up, it has been used and tasted States contemplated social welfare benefits. Therefore, reducing State spending, refers only to reduce the amount of newly issued Government bonds, rather than simply to reduce the national debt as a whole.In order to improve the financial situation of the country, Kohl Government also initiated the privatization of State-owned enterprises, such as postal services, telecommunications, energy, and later raised the sales tax. These harmonize national fiscal revenue has significantly improved. But after building up huge social welfare, financial situation did not show substantial improvement. Thus, in stimulating investment in the Kohl Government would attempt to relieve pressure on enterprises through tax reform, b ut, under pressure from bad financial situation in the country could not take too much action.Fortunate is that international economic situation improved after the Kohl Government came into power, in particular the United States and Japan, which makes the already high level of internationalization of West Germany economy through foreign trade rises pick up right away. With the devaluation of the dollar, beginning in 1985, the rapid growth in imports, prices began to drop, growth in domestic demand. From 1983 to 1990, West Germany's overall economic growth rate from five began to grow to the end of the 80 ‘s 2% and per cent in 1990.However, the improved little from the internal market, because profits faster than investment growth during this period. Second half of the 80, investment has also accelerated growth, but unemployment does not appear synchronized better. It is clear that the growth largely from domestic enterprises to invest overseas. Kohl on the economic policy of t he Government is in a difficult phase, and for high unemployment and no growth in domestic investment economic growth when frustrated, East German voluntary dissolution, and federal Germany merged.The German reunification is undoubtedly a great blessing for the German nation, but temporary prosperity to Flash briefly. To achieve the transformation, reconstruction of infrastructure and social safety nets in the eastern part, including common revitalization project in the East, and the consolidated fund, all levels of Government transfer payments between the 1990 and the medium-term to the East has over trillion-mark, weighed on Western economies.To raise funds and curb inflation, the Germany Government had to be more than more than 10 times in a row to raise key interest rates. Trouble has been brewing for quite some time. Germany economic weakening, mainly because of the welfare system and a series of structural reasons. Excessive protection of the social welfare system has pushed u p the cost of production, and formed a â€Å"higher welfare – higher taxes under the low growth – high liability – high cost – low growth – low investment,† a vicious cycle. From the early 1970 ‘s to the late 1990 ‘s, Germany 5. times more than double the increase in welfare expenditure per capita, down to become a drag on economic growth;1970, 1980, too protect sunset industries in the industrial structure and the information technology industry research and development keep lagging, its lack of wealth growth force leading leading industry;The lack of flexibility of the system of corporate governance and incentive mechanism, led by profits, the lack of micro-economic vitality;Excessive fire protection and high unemployment security benefits labour market rigidities and unemployment reduction.Faced with rising unemployment, helpless Government of Helmut Kohl in 1998, replaced by a Government of the Social Democratic Party was Ger hard Fritz Kurt Schroder, Schroder economic policy compatible with the two party ideas: on the one hand through tax breaks to stimulate investment and consumer demand, dynamic economy.The other hand, in the field of social security, and former advocate of personal responsibility at the same time, try to keep the original treatment, does not increase social security contributions in favour of eco-taxes to fill the gap and promote environmental protection. Now Germany as the third largest economy in the world today, the second-largest exporter, its per capita GDP of more than 27,000 euros.Germany agriculture production value less than 1%, share services near two-thirds, is a highly developed industrial structure to serve the community, its industrial machinery manufacturing, automotive, electronics and chemical industry led;Its national economy by relying heavily on exports, and export share of world total exports of nearly 10%, 70% about trade is concentrated in Europe and the United States, Japan and other developed countries, long-term surplus in balance of payments, inflation rate, unemployment rate at around 9%.Looking at the Germany of economic development after the war, at some point, despite the many problems, but judging from the overall economic and social development, was ranked the highest in the world, experience and lessons have left us a valuable asset. Reference [1] Braun, Hans-J. The German economy in the twentieth century. London : Routledge 1990 [2] Berghahn, V. Modern Germany: society, economy and politics in the twentieth century. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 1982. 3] Brian,H . Seeking a role: the United Kingdom, 1951-1970 . Oxford : Clarendon 2009 [4] Overy, R; Ogilvie, S. Germany: a new social and economic history, Vol. 3, Since 1800. London : Arnold 2003 [5] Roger ,M. The British economy since 1945: engaging with the debate . Basingstoke : Macmillan 2000 [6] Robert,J;Bennett,G;Horst,Z. Local economic development in Britain and G ermany. London : Anglo-German Foundation 1990. [7] Tony ,J. Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 . London : Pimlico 2007 .

Democratic Convention

Several dozens of years ago Conventions of parties were an important part of American political life. Although nowadays their role is a bit decreased, still the electors watch results of Conventions with great interest.Democratic Convention of this year gave possibility to John Kerry to introduce him to that part of American electorate, which doesn’t know him well. Still, the electorate knows quite well who is George Bush – as he was the President for 4 years.So, Republican Convention will not add much information to those opinions about Bush, which are already exist, although his speech is prominent, as usual and in some extent, shows him from a bit new point of view.We can see some changes in Conventions as well: last time directly at Conventions who candidates competed for nomination from Party – Jerald Ford and Ronald Reagan (it took place in 1976 and we are speaking about Republicans), but if approval of candidate changed into clear formality, can the Americ an political scientists continue to examine Convention as a key event of party political struggle?I think, to some extent it is correct, even if we take into account that candidate is usually determined to the beginning of Convention, and we are not expecting any surprises. It became a part of election campaign, but it is very important part of it.The Convention is a kind of enchanting sight which gives an opportunity to candidate to present his speech, where he will give idea of himself and his program, – and then it results his rating. Actually, Republican Convention is an answer to Democratic Convention, which took place in Boston from July 26 to July 29.It is quite difficult position: while George Bush can refer to his statement of service, John Kerry can refer only to his promises. But from the other side, if Bush’s statement of services can be interpreted not only to his favor, and many of electors treat it exactly to his disfavor, we have the struggle between re ality and promises.More then 35 thousand of people took part in Democratic Convention. During Convention they informed American society about life of John Kerry and John Edwards, about their great services to American society in the struggle for interests of middle-class and about their plans to build stronger and more independent America.Stephanie Tubbs-Jones told about plans to create new working places and economics, which will be more stable in interests of middle-classes. Tammy Baldwin presented program of cheaper and more affordable health-care system. Bob Menendez explained main points of Democratic program in the field of foreign policy.The most important event was final speech of candidate to President John Kerry, directly before procedure of official closure of Convention. The present structure of Convention was the most multi-national during the whole history of Party according to information of Democratic National Convention Committee (DNCC). More then 40% of participant s consisted of national minorities of the USA. More then 10 thousand of people registered as volunteers in order to help the party during Convention.Historically, Republicans had more strong positions at more rich and industrialized north of America, and Democrats – at more poor â€Å"village† south. But during the last 50 years their positions changed: Democrats dominate at the North of America and Republicans – at the South.Democrats lay special stress on expansion of governmental role, and Republicans lay stress on decreasing of governmental role, taxes, etc. Another point of differences is program of so-called â€Å"affirmative actions†. Democrats support giving advantages to race and other minorities when receiving job or education; – this was the reason that African-American gave their votes in their favor.Democrats consider themselves supporters and defenders of interests of working class and people with low income. Republicans present inter ests rather of business and wealthy citizens. Their party also includes Christian conservators.

Swot Analysis of Proton Essays

Swot Analysis of Proton Essays Swot Analysis of Proton Essay Swot Analysis of Proton Essay Analysis on Proton Radiation Whilst Michael Porter five’s forces or industrial analysis provides a scan on the changing industrial and observe the structure of internal competition of an industry, PESTEL analysis scanning the changing of the external environment which is beyond the control of the organization. PESTEL analysis is criticized as not an effective framework because there are certain weaknesses in the framework. For example, the fast changing environment and it is a not long lasting analysis. One of the example concerning on the Washington Mutual declared bankrupt due to unable to overcome the economic crisis that severely hits on the company’s finance. History Proton Holdings Bhd is a Malaysia stated-owned company. Proton is established on 7 may 1983 under the direction of the former Prime Minister Malaysia, Dr Mahathir Mohammad. Proton Holding Berhad is listed in the Main Board of the KLSE on 26 March 1992. The major shareholder of Proton Holding Berhad: Khazanah Nasional (42. 7%), Employees Provident Fund (EPF) (15. 7%) and Petroliam Nasional (7. 9%). Proton and Mitsubishi established joint venture project since the first Proton car produced in 1985. The first Proton Saga which produces based on the technology from Mitsubishi launched in September 1985 and the rest of cars has manufactured by proton with the collaboration with Mitsubishi such as Wira, Waja, Iswara and others. However, Mitsubishi sold its stake in 2004 but is still continue to supply the relevant components to Proton. In the same year, Proton announced to talks with Volkswagen AG to establish a partnership. The expectation on the tie-up may exploit each other’s strengths, but the talk has failed. In 2006, Protons sales dropped 30. % from 166,118 in 2005 to 115,538 in the market. This allowed the second national car Perodua to overtake Proton as the countrys largest passenger carmaker for the first time, with a 41. 6% market share, while Protons market share fell from 40% in 2005 to 32% in 2006. In the period ending December 31, 2006, Proton has also suffered three consecutive quarterly losses. Compared to a profit of 86. 5 million ringgit in 2005, the car c ompany lost 281. 5 million ringgit in 2006. Total losses in 2007s financial year climbed to $169 million. The acquiring 80% of the Lotus Group in 1996 by proton is only using the technological expertise of lotus to produce efficient car in Malaysia. In 2009, Malaysian government starts delivering information to the people on the Lotus Group which is owned by the national car makers Proton. Lotus Group is a United Kingdom based company which is a sport car manufacturer. The acquisition of lotus group by proton is to obtain mutual interest where the Proton will obtain the technological expertise from the Lotus Group and the Lotus Group need the assists from proton to boost the sales. In the fiscal year ended 31 March 2009, Lotus Group turnover is increased to RM574. 8 million compared to RM564. 3million in the year before. Vision and mission The company mission is to become a successful Malaysian automotive company and manufacture innovative product and affordable price to the local and even to the global. In order to get the goal success, Proton Holdings Bhd set five core commitments which are focusing on the interest of customers, shareholders, employees, business associations and the nation. Barrier entry Concerning on the current political and legal issues in Malaysia, the obstacles for the competitor in automobile industry is remaining high. Political The intervention of the government in the automotive industry in Malaysia is purposely to protect the national industry from the stiff competition raise by the foreign company in the industry. In order to protect the car industry, high tax of 140% to 300% imposed on the import cars. For example, in U. S a BMW 328i is sells only RM 155,369. However, in Malaysia the same model car is selling RM 460,000 after added the import tax. Malaysia is a member of ASEAN and WTO. One of the conditions in the AFTA is to removes or reduces the tariff system. However, Malaysia refuses to wholly remove its taxes on the importing. While in 2005, Malaysia has implemented its commitment to the ASEAN to reduce the tariff gradually and in 2008, the tax reduces to 0% to 5%. | IMPORT DUTY| Local Taxes| | CBU| CKD| CBU CKD| Engine Capacity (cc)| MFN| ASEAN CEPT| MFN| ASEAN CEPT| Excise Duties| Sales tax| 1800| 30%| 0%| 10%| 0%| 65%| 10%| 1800 – 1999| 30%| 0%| 10%| 0%| 75%| 10%| 2000 – 2499 | 30%| 0%| 10%| 0%| 90%| 10%| Above 2500| 30%| 0%| 10%| 0%| 105%| 10%| Table 1: Import duty Reduce of import tax force government to increase the excise duty on the people while to minimize the losses in reducing tariff. The tax imposed on both manufacturer is create an obstacles for the foreign companies from enter the automobile industry. According to the National Automobile Policy (NAP) review, Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) will terminate the approval permits (AP) system imports of complete built up (CBU) vehicles and also the AP for used vehicles in 2015. No new pplications for Open AP will be considered and franchise AP will be terminated by Dec 31, 2020. Only the holder of approval permit is allowed to import cars and distribute it locally. If the franchise AP is terminated in 2020, the foreign car manufacturer has to only assemble car locally. Other than tariff, Malaysia Automotive Association (MAA) announces that the importing used-car, cut car, secondhand component and spare part in Malaysia is going to banned by the government. This is to protect the safety of the people from using used car and also to boost the sales of the spare part and the car sale in Malaysia. Together in 2015, the government is also attempt to put restriction on the vehicle which aged 15 and above to do mandatory check. The vehicle end life policy will be implementing in 2015 told by the transport minister Malaysia. The implementation will gives opportunities to the local and foreign automobile companies to raise the sales due to high price in spare part to replace in used spare part. Economic The growing economic in Malaysia is cause by the opens up of the economic trade barrier by the government to attract the foreign investment. The FDI of Malaysia in 1985 to 1995 is around USD 29 billion. While the inflow of FDI after Malaysia implements its commitment to ASEAN in reduces the import tax, there is an overall an increase of 3 billion of FDI to 6 billion in 2006 of FDI inflow. The declining restriction on trade barrier started on the fierce competition on the market. Table 2: Net FDI inflows, 2000-2008 Source: miga. org/documents/flagship09ebook_annexes. pdf On the other hand, the income per capita of Malaysian is increasing from USD 2516 per year in 2001 to USD 4776 in 2009. According to the forecast by Malaysian automotive association (MAA), the total industry volume forecasting will be increase from 550000 units to 570000 units in the next half year of 2010. This is due to the first half year sales performance of the vehicles is grew up to 19. 8% compared to the previous relevant period. Figure 1: Income per capita Government intervention in the oil price in Malaysia gives the reason for the oil price in Malaysia is the lowest among the neighbor countries. The manage float method is using to control the crude oil price in Malaysia. The subsidies by the government in the oil price reduce the burden of the people. While in 2010, government adjusts the new oil price to reduce the subsidy and the national debt. Figure 2: Oil price in Malaysia and neighbor countries In 2010, the loan interest rate has increased three times results on the latest increment to around 3. 85% to 4. 1%. However, Proton holdings Bhd discuss with the banks and financial institutions to reduce the impact of the increased interest rate that will affect the buying behavior of consumers toward cars. Even though the rose of the interest rate and the increasing oil price in Malaysia, this is not severely affected the consumer to buy cars†, said by MAA president Datuk Aishah Ahmad. Legal In order to start business in Malaysia, the foreign company has required registering and licensing with the provision of the control exist in general acts such as the Companies Act 1965 or the Registration of Business Act 1965. Manufacturing activities in Ma laysia must require a manufacturing license from MITI. However, there is a restriction control for foreign business or investor. Malaysia government controls the companies to resulting of the balance participation by the Malaysian, particular in bumiputera. Only manufacturer who have fewer than 75 employees and less than RM 2. 5 million in shareholders’ funds are exempted. One of the rules in the industrial coordination act 1975 stated that if 70% or more of the equity is held by foreigners, the balance will be reserved for the bumiputera and if less than 70% of the equity is held by foreigners, 30% will be reserved for bumiputera and the balance for non- bumiputera. Malaysia started to encourage environmental friendly cars to the market by promoting 100% incentive tax allowance for five years or pioneer status for a period of 10 years. The minister of finance told during the 2009 budget Malaysia that the imported hybrid cars will get exemption of 100% import duty and 50% excise duty. Proton is protected by the government policies by limited the foreign equity ownership and other to make the barrier of entry to the automotive industry difficult to the competitors. This is an opportunity built by the government for Proton since long time ago. There is no have other comparative advantage on Proton other on the price advantage. The acquisition of Lotus by proton is strengthening the product differentiation from the conservative Proton car’s model. The Proton Satria Neo which is the product representative of the Proton joint-efforts with Lotus engineering. The product differentiation and the price advantage gives proton one step up over other rivals in the industry. Thus, the opportunity cost for consumer to forgone the foreign car is high. Current situation of economy, legal issues and even political issues are all favored to the Proton. Since Lotus Group has been acquired by Proton, Proton should use the opportunity to transfer the technology know how to the Proton cars to produce product differentiation that is impressed everyone. Threat of substitutes Even though the barrier entrant in the automobile industry is remaining high, but, there is exists a strong rival to Proton. The main reason of the argument is referred to the second national car Perodua. The substitutes available in the automotive industry are the threat to cause Proton’s sales to drop. Appendix 3 shows that the top car sales in Malaysia in 2009. The top car sales in 2009 is occupied by the second national car Perodua, while Proton’s cars is on the second place lower than Perodua because of Perodua’s afford in improving its quality and refreshing their products which meet the needs of the customers is the reason that Perodua overtake the Proton as the largest car maker in Malaysia. Rivalry among existing firms Proton strongest rival in Malaysia is the second national car Perodua. Since Perodua introduce in 1993, the sales is overtake Proton after 13 years in 2006. In 2009, the share market of Perodua hits 32. % while proton stayed after Perodua which occupy 28. 6% of the market share. Perodua acknowledge that the consumer concerning on the affordable price when do purchasing of car. Offered 0% of down payment in buying Perodua car is attracted the buyer switching their target from proton to perodua. In addition, Perodua is also provides the cash rebate up to RM 2500 for the buyer. Other competitors of Proton inc lude Toyota, Honda and Nissan. In Malaysia, Toyota brings in the hybrid car which is high production cost car and its uniqueness creates a product differentiation for Toyota from its rivals. Toyota has a strong brand image in the world and it is the world best car seller. The brand loyalty toward the company is strongly beat the brand image of Proton in Malaysia. Moreover, Toyota has the strongest research and development among the automotive industry. They do research before introduce a new product to the market to ensure the well feedback from the consumers. For example, Toyota enables their consumer access to the development of the Toyota Prius features and characteristic before introduce it to the market. They found that the consumers are concerning on the affordable price, high technology, safety issues about the car. Moreover, Toyota enable consumers to do pre order before the car were delivered to the dealership. As a result, the sales of the Toyota Prius in the U. S is tremendously successful which the sales climbed 32% from 2001 to 2003. Buyer bargaining power Buyer has a lot of information exposure before do purchasing, information comparison on the price, features, and comments from the chat forums and others are easily available. Validity of information causes the high bargaining power of buyer on the car. Buyer decision is affected when the downturn of economic or low income. Only small amount of buyer is not affected toward luxury brand. According to a research, the Malaysian buying behavior is change according to the economy. 58% of Malaysian cut their spending during the economy downturn, while 81% of the respondent alleged that less spending on the luxury goods. These significant behavior shows that the price sensitivity among the Malaysian. The behaviors same reflect on the buying behavior of buyer on the car. As the increasing income per capita among Malaysian, the buyer has more variety of choice in choosing vehicle. Therefore, the Proton is suffered with the strong bargaining power of buyer and low switching cost from proton to the main rival Perodua that are enhancing the bargaining power of buyer. Bargaining power of suppliers According to the promotion of investment act 1986, government will provides incentives to the firms which are involved in the promoted activities or activities as determine by the MITI. While, this incentive is eligible apply on the transport equipment, components and accessories. This brings to the increasing of the number of component industry in Malaysia accelerates from 00 to 350 in 2003. 70% of these company supplies are to Proton Bhd. The high concentration of the suppliers leads to the low bargaining power of supplier to Proton. Conclusion The lack of innovation and weak management in the company are the major weaknesses to Proton Holdings Bhd. Whilst, the fast changing environment is not severely affected Proton that is protected under umbrella of government but is the competitiveness among the industry widen the gap between Proton and foreign vehicle to be on par. The comparisons apparently cause Proton loss its competitiveness among the automobile industry. The causes lead Proton struggle in the stiff competition in the automotive industry are due to the weak RD on the customer needs and no have innovation on the products. However, there are some opportunities for Proton to overcome it. For example, advance technology available in Lotus Group. Proton should starts to built its brand image and reputation changing to a more effective management and be more creative in producing vehicles. Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 [ 2 ]. Day trading on NYSE, 2009. 10 largest bankruptcies in the history of the USA. Available on: http://nyse-trade. com/httpnyse-trade-ru10-krupnejshix-bankrotstv-v-istorii-ssha/ Viewed: 20/7/2010 [ 3 ]. Wikipedia, 2010. Proton (carmaker) Available on: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Proton_(carmaker) Viewed: 20/7/2010 [ 4 ]. Barari, A. , 2008. Malaysia’s Proton to build new car with Mitsubishi Available on: motorward. com/2008/12/malaysias-proton-build-car-mitsubishi/ Viewed: 24/7/2010 [ 5 ]. The Star, 2010. Proton confirms talks with Volkswagen called off. 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